An official alert has been issued by the Animal Husbandry Commissioner (AHC) Office, Islamabad, to all provincial livestock authorities, referencing the FAO SAT‑1 alert, warning Pakistan about the imminent risk of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) serotype SAT‑1 in the region. Foot-and-Mouth Disease has been one of the most significant infectious threats to livestock worldwide, causing substantial economic losses through reduced milk and meat production, trade restrictions, and animal mortality. Pakistan’s livestock farmers are already suffering annual losses exceeding Rs 200 billion due to FMD, apart from missing opportunities in global halal markets. Pakistan, with its dense cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat populations, has historically faced FMD outbreaks caused by serotypes O, A, and Asia-1. The SAT-1 serotype, last reported in the region in the 1950s, had remained absent from South Asia for decades, allowing Pakistan’s national herd to become largely immunologically naïve. Its possible occurrence in Iran and Afghanistan now places Pakistan at immediate risk of introduction, especially given the extensive cross-border livestock movements, informal trade, and shared grazing areas. Importantly, presently available FMD vaccines in Pakistan are not compatible to provide immunity against SAT‑1, which means the livestock population is extremely vulnerable.

This development represents not a routine animal health concern but a serious and imminent transboundary threat with potentially severe economic and food security implications.

FMD is caused by a virus with seven distinct serotypes, each requiring serotype-specific immunity. Among these, SAT-1 (Southern African Territories-1) is genetically different from the serotypes traditionally circulating in South Asia. Pakistan’s FMD control programs have historically focused on serotypes O, A, and Asia-1, while SAT-1 disappeared from the country’s epidemiological landscape more than seven decades ago. Consequently, Pakistan’s current livestock population is largely immunologically naïve to SAT-1, making any potential introduction particularly dangerous.

The possibility of SAT-1 in Iran and Afghanistan significantly heightens the risk of cross-border transmission. Informal livestock trade, nomadic and seasonal animal movement, shared grazing routes, and weak border biosecurity along Pakistan’s western frontiers create ideal conditions for the silent entry of infected animals. Once introduced, SAT-1 can spread rapidly among cattle and buffalo populations, causing fever, mouth and foot lesions, lameness, sharp declines in milk production, and prolonged recovery periods even in surviving animals. For smallholder farmers—who rely on a few animals for daily income and household nutrition—the economic consequences would be severe. At the national level, an SAT-1 outbreak would destabilize milk and meat markets, increase production costs, and further undermine Pakistan’s ambitions to expand meat and dairy exports. Persistent circulation of a previously absent serotype would also erode international confidence in Pakistan’s disease surveillance and control systems.

The emerging possibility of SAT-1 in neighboring countries underscores the urgent need for a border-focused and regionally coordinated response. Strengthened border quarantine arrangements, risk-based surveillance in high-risk districts, rapid laboratory serotyping, and timely information sharing with neighboring countries are essential to prevent introduction and ensure early detection. Access to SAT-1-matched emergency vaccines, establishment of vaccine banks, and clear contingency vaccination plans are critical to minimize economic losses if the virus enters Pakistan. At the farm level, educating livestock owners on biosecurity, isolation of sick animals, and careful monitoring of herd movements can significantly reduce the risk of local spread. Collaboration with veterinary authorities in Iran and Afghanistan for information exchange, synchronized vaccination campaigns, and regional disease control initiatives is equally vital. Proactive capacity building, training of veterinarians and para-veterinarians, and public awareness campaigns will ensure that any outbreak can be swiftly recognized and contained.

In conclusion, the possibility of FMD SAT-1 in Iran and Afghanistan should be treated as a strategic early warning for Pakistan. Its absence since the 1950s in the region has created a critical immunity gap, turning any potential incursion into a high-impact event. The situation is further compounded by the failure of Federal and provincial governments to fully protect livestock from the currently circulating FMD serotypes due to a massive shortage of vaccines—while over 300 million doses are required annually, actual availability, including imports, does not exceed 20 million doses. Pakistan’s livestock farmers already suffer losses exceeding Rs 200 billion annually due to FMD, not including additional losses from missed export opportunities in global halal markets.

Furthermore, the currently available FMD vaccines cannot provide immunity against SAT‑1, leaving the national herd highly vulnerable to this emerging threat. In this developing scenario, the urgent establishment of a local FMD vaccine production facility is more critical than ever to ensure sustainable supply and rapid response capabilities. In this situation, livestock farmers and respective livestock and dairy associations must be actively taken on board for general awareness, training, and implementing measures to control the existing FMD emergency while preparing for the SAT-1 threat. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the Animal Husbandry Commissioner (AHC) Office is limited to issuing threat alerts or has a proactive operational role in controlling outbreaks. Immediate preparedness, strengthened border biosecurity, access to SAT-1-matched emergency vaccines, and effective regional cooperation are now essential. Proactive surveillance, timely response planning, and robust stakeholder engagement must be prioritized to prevent a catastrophic outbreak that could devastate livestock, disrupt dairy and meat markets, and threaten national food and nutrition security. The government, veterinary authorities, livestock associations, and farmers must act collectively and decisively to bridge the immunity gap, secure supply chains, and protect Pakistan’s livestock sector from both current and emerging FMD threats.

Dr Alamdar Hussain Malik
Advisor, Veterinary Sciences
University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Swat
Former Secretary / Registrar
Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council.